Archaeologists Uncover First Physical Evidence of Roman Medicine Using Human Waste
PERGAMON, Turkey — In a discovery that has sparked “immense excitement” among archaeologists, researchers have uncovered the first direct chemical evidence that ancient Romans used human fecal matter in medicinal remedies. The finding centers on an ancient clay vessel excavated from Pergamon, a city with Greek origins that fell under Roman control in 133 B.C., now located in Turkey’s İzmir Province.
While the vessel initially appeared unremarkable, detailed analysis revealed dark brown flakes embedded in its residue. These flakes were identified as human feces, mixed with thyme and olive oil, suggesting a complex formulation used in medical treatments during the Greco-Roman period. This marks the first time physical proof has been found to confirm historical texts that hinted at such practices.
The study, published in the April 2026 issue of the Journal of Archaeological Sciences, provides groundbreaking insight into ancient pharmaceutical methods. Cenker Atila, an archaeology professor at Sivas Cumhuriyet University in Turkey, noted that while the use of fecal matter in medicine was suspected from literary sources, this residue analysis offers tangible proof.
Human waste was believed to possess healing properties, and its combination with thyme—a herb known for antiseptic qualities—and olive oil, a common carrier in ancient remedies, reflects a sophisticated understanding of natural ingredients. The vessel’s discovery in Pergamon aligns with the city’s historical significance as a medical and cultural hub in antiquity, home to the famed Asclepion healing center.
Experts emphasize that this finding not only sheds light on Roman medical practices but also expands knowledge about the broader Greco-Roman approach to health and hygiene. The use of such unconventional materials illustrates the lengths to which ancient physicians went to treat ailments, despite modern sensibilities.
The excavation was conducted under the auspices of the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, with collaboration from international archaeological teams. This discovery complements other recent findings in the region, including the reconstruction of Roman frescoes in London, which have unveiled new perspectives on ancient art and society (Museum of London Archaeology).
As archaeologists continue to explore Pergamon and other ancient sites, the integration of chemical residue analysis promises to revolutionize understanding of historical medical practices. The U.S. National Institutes of Health highlights the importance of such interdisciplinary research in uncovering the origins of medicine (NIH).
For those interested in the intersection of archaeology and ancient medicine, the National Park Service provides extensive resources on Roman history and artifacts (NPS). This discovery underscores the enduring legacy of Roman innovation, even in areas that may initially seem unpalatable to modern audiences.
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